Understanding equity

What Is Loan-to-Value (LTV) and Why Does It Matter?

Loan-to-value is your loan balance divided by your home's value, expressed as a percentage. It is equity viewed from the lender's side of the table.

Every rate sheet, mortgage insurance rule, and borrowing cap in the industry is organized around it.

How to calculate LTV and CLTV

LTV counts only your first mortgage. CLTV — combined loan-to-value — counts every loan secured by the home, which is the figure that matters when you add a HELOC or second mortgage.

A $450,000 home with a $195,000 mortgage has a 43% LTV. Add a $15,000 HELOC and CLTV rises to 47%.

The thresholds that change your terms

  • 80% — the classic line. Below it, private mortgage insurance usually falls away and rate pricing improves.
  • 80–85% — the normal ceiling for a HELOC or home equity loan.
  • 90%+ — a narrower set of lenders, higher rates, and stricter credit requirements.

Why lenders care so much

LTV is a measure of cushion. If prices fall 15% and your LTV was 60%, the lender is still comfortably covered. At 95%, it is not, and the price of the loan reflects that.

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Frequently asked

For pricing, yes. But equity locked in the house is illiquid, so very low LTV is not automatically the best use of your money.

The appraised value they order, not your estimate or the price you paid.

Part of The Homeowner's Guide to Home Equity.

More on understanding equity

What Is Home Equity and How Is It Calculated?

Home equity is your home's value minus what you owe. Here is exactly how it is calculated, with worked examples.

How Much Equity Do I Have in My Home?

Find out how much equity you have in your home in about a minute, using your home value and loan balances.

Does Home Equity Affect My Credit Score?

Home equity itself does not affect your credit score — but borrowing against it can. Here is how.